With the Olympic Winter Games under way in Milan, it’s the perfect moment to look back at the sports that have defined the spectacle for generations. From the frozen canals of northern Europe to the mountain peaks of the Alps and the rinks of North America and Asia, winter’s most beloved events span centuries of history and cultures across continents. The stories of these sports are as global as the Games themselves.
Ice Hockey
Until the mid-1980s it was generally accepted that ice hockey originated from English field hockey and the Native American game of lacrosse. It was spread throughout Canada by British soldiers in the mid-1800s. This all changed when research found the mention of a hockeylike game that was played in the early 1800s in Nova Scotia by the Mi’kmaq (First Nations tribe originally settled in now eastern Canada and the northeastern United States), which appeared to have been heavily influenced by the Irish game of hurling.
Early hockey games allowed as many as 30 players a side, and the goals were two stones, each frozen into end of the ice. The first documented use of a puck instead of a ball was recorded at Kingston Harbour, Ontario, Canada, in 1860. The first recorded public indoor ice hockey game took place in Montreal’s Victoria Skating Rink in 1875 between two teams of McGill University students. In 1877, the first organized team, the McGill University Hockey Club, was founded. By the late 1800s, ice hockey was competing with lacrosse as Canada’s most popular sport.
Figure Skating
A Treatise on Skating (1772) by Robert Jones, is the first account of figure skating. The sport was known for having a cramped and formal style until American, Jackson Haines, introduced his free and expressive techniques on dance movement in the mid-1860s. The sport was popular in Europe, but Haine’s style (known as the International style) did not catch on in the United States until after has passed.
In the early 20th century, Americans Irving Brokaw and George H. Browne helped formalize the style by demonstrating it to American audiences. Brokaw became the first American to represent the country at international competitions. He participated in the 1908 Olympics, where he finished in sixth place. Browne organized the first U.S. championships in 1914 for men, women, and pairs. He also wrote two books on skating and was involved in the establishment of a national skating organization.
Alpine Skiing
The Fédération Internationale de Ski et de Snowboard (FIS; International Ski and Snowboard Federation), the world governing body of the sport, first recognized downhill racing in 1930. The first world championship for men’s downhill racing and slalom events was held in 1931. Women’s events were added in 1950. The first Alpine event to be included in the Winter Olympics was the combination of one downhill and two slaloms, this made its debut in 1936 at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The first giant slalom Olympic competition took place at the 1952 games in Oslo, Norway, and the super-G was added at the 1988 games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Finally, Para Alpine skiing was introduced as a Paralympic sport in 1976. The sport has categories for standing, sitting, and vision impairments across five events: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and super combined.
Speed Skating
Speed Skating originated in the Netherlands, potentially as early as the 13th century. International competitions were developed in the late 19th century, and the sport was included as a men’s event in the first Winter Olympics in 1924. In 1960, women’s speed-skating events were added in Squaw Valley (now Olympic Valley), California, U.S.
In the modern day, Olympic speedskating is contested in two distinct disciplines: long track and short track. Long-track speedskating takes place on a 400-meter oval, with two skaters racing at a time against the clock using long, powerful strides and precise pacing. Short-track speedskating is held on a much smaller oval, with multiple skaters racing head-to-head in fast-paced, tactical competitions where positioning and agility are critical. Widely considered as one of the greatest feats in Winter Olympic history was achieved by Eric Heidn at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics. Heiden won gold medals in all long track speedskating events.
Bobsledding
Bobsledding developed in the 1880s both in upstate New York and at the ski resorts of the Swiss Alps. The first organized competition (among teams consisting of three men and two women) was held in 1898 on the Cresta Run at St. Moritz, Switzerland. The sport earned its name after competitors adopted the technique of bobbing back and forth to increase the speed of the sled. In 1923, bobsledding became an internationally recognized sport with the organization of the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT; now the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation [IBSF]). The sport was included in the first Olympic Winter Games at Chamonix, France, in 1924. Since 1931, both two-person and four-person world-championship competitions have been held yearly, except during World War II. Though women have participated in bobsledding since the organization of the sport, an international competition for women didn’t begin until the late 1990s. In 2002, the women’s two-person bobsled event made its Olympic debut in 2002. In 2022, at the Beijing Winter Olympics, a women’s monobob event, featuring a one-person sled, made its debut. The first gold medal was won by Kaillie Humphries of the United States.
Behind every gold medal is a legacy shaped by landscapes, cultures, and communities around the world. As the Olympic flame burns in Italy, it also illuminates the places that gave rise to these thrilling sports—destinations that invite travelers to experience their energy firsthand. Whether you’re inspired by alpine villages, historic skating capitals, or hockey-loving cities, the spirit of the Games is waiting well beyond the stadium.
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